Tetrahexyldecyl ascorbate is a highly stable lipid-soluble variant of vitamin C. While it may not be the active form of vitamin C, it yields identical benefits to ascorbic acid (the active form) but without causing any irritation. Studies has shown that tetrahexyldecyl ascorbate has the ability to brighten skin tone, stimulate collagen synthesis, and offers antioxidant protection against photo damage.

Glycolic acid is classified as an alpha hydroxy acid (AHA) and is known for its ability to dissolve the bonds between skin cells. This process leads to the removal of the outer layers of the skin. Among all AHAs, glycolic acid has the smallest molecule size, enabling it to penetrate deeply into the skin. Its unclogging action on pores contributes to the reduction of blemishes. Furthermore, glycolic acid's exfoliating properties result in improved skin brightness, decreased appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, as well as enhanced skin texture.

Azelaic acid is a compound derived from dicarboxylic acids. Despite its classification as an acid, it does not belong to the alpha hydroxy acid family. This unique ingredient specifically targets hyperactive cells, effectively reducing inflammation, redness, and hyperpigmentation. Additionally, its antibacterial properties make it highly effective in combating P. acne, the bacteria responsible for blemishes.

Retinaldehyde, belonging to the retinoid family and derived from vitamin A, holds comparable advantages to retinol albeit with reduced irritability. Demonstrating superior efficacy, retinaldehyde serves as a direct predecessor to retinoic acid, residing one level below prescribed retinoids. These compounds effectively minimize skin imperfections, hyperpigmentation, and signs of aging such as fine lines and wrinkles while enhancing skin elasticity and collagen formation.